MEC. CUNY, BROOKLYN, NY 11225
SPRING 2021 TERM
BIO 323-001 – PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE
*HOMEWORK #4
(20 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS)
GIVEN: 05/04/2021 – SUBMIT BY: 05/08/2021
Q.1) Do concise, but comprehensive write –
ups on the following:-
a) Gallbladder stones
b) Malabsorption syndrome
Q.2) What are the following pathologies?
a) Peptic ulcer
b) Pancreatic cancer
Q.3) Do a concise, but comprehensive
write-ups on:-
a) Urine color and your health
b) Kidney stones
Q.4) What do you know about the
following conditions?
a) Nephrotic syndrome
b) Urinary incontinence
PLEASE NOTE: Please follow the below home template ( GERD example) for each.
GASTROOESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
(GERD)
Introduction:- GERD occurs when
stomach acid flows back
into the esophagus, thus
irritating the esophageal
lining.
Cause:- Helicobacter pylori infection
and gastritis
Pre – disposing factors:-
> older age; male sex; herditary;
analgesic abuse, eating certain
types of food (eg, fatty food,
spicy food, chocolate, etc.);
too much alcohol; smoking
cigarette; obesity; lack of
exercise.
Epidemiology:- Extremely common, with
a prevalence of, approximately,
20% adults in the Western world.
Signs & Symptoms:- >Heart burn(most
frequent symptom).
Occurs usually after
meals.
> Chest pain
> Difficulty swallowing
> Food regurgitation
> Feeling of lump in
the throat
Diagnosis:- > From medical history, eg,
reflux phenomenon from
the gastrointestinal tract
> Esophago-duodenoscopy(EGD)
> Current Gold Standard for
diagnosis is pH monitoring.
It is the most objective test
to diagnose GERD. It allows
monitoring patients in their
response to medical and
surgical treatment.
Treatment:- > *Medications, eg,
antacids, proton pump
inhibitors – omeprazole
> *Lifestyle changes-eg, avoid
being obese; tobacco(cigarettes);
alcohol; avoid eating food one
is allergic to, eg, coffee, acidic/
spicy foods, fatty foods, chocolate.
Take little bites at a time while
eating. Avoid lying down soon
after meals. Chew your food
properly before swallowing.
Frequent little water intake
during meals to aid easy
passage and digestion.
Exercise. Avoid stress.
> *Surgery, eg, to widen the
duodeno - gastric opening
for easy passage of food
into the stomach.
Prognosis/Complications: Esophageal
mucosa damage (esophagitis);
cancer of the esophagus;
if left untreated esophagitis
can cause bleeding ulcers
and scarring, thus narrowing
the esophagus and causing
problems with swallowing.
Prevention:- Practice the lifestyle
changes stated above
from early in life.
**FACTS & HIGHLIGHTS OF THE ABOVE
HOME WORK TEMPLATE ON
"GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX
DISEASE – GERD"
1) It is concise & comprehensive
2) Involves the use of "BULLET POINTS"
3) Use of precise medical terms/phrases
without explaining same in long
sentences
4) Topic coverage in latitude & dept
5) Easy to read & understand
6) Easy to retain facts in one’s memory
7) Simple & readable outlay
8) Easily reproduceable
*NB: > Memory refers to the processes
that are used to acquire, store,
retain, and later retrieve
information.
> There are three major processes
involved in memory, namely;
– encoding
– storage, &,
– retrieval
> Human memory involves the
ability to both preserve and
recover information we have
learned or expeienced.
